INTRODUCTION
Past tense is one of the three tenses in Nepali, used to denote or express actions that happened or occurred in the past. It can also be used to denote a state that existed. Nepali also uses this tense to describe a past habitual action, and to express one’s unawareness of a scenario. In Nepali, the past tense is called भूत काल (bhūt kāl). For example, statements below in English all denote actions that happened or states that existed (verbs in italics):
- John ate the cake.
- Mary was going to an adventure.
- I had played chess.
In addition, Nepali also uses two additional aspects to denote either unawareness or past habituality:
- John was a doctor, I didn’t know that. [In Nepali, this phrase is conjugated into the verb itself]
- John used to be a doctor.
Thus, the past tense is used to denote a sense of the ‘past’ time. There are five aspects of past tense:
- Past indefinite tense
- Past progressive tense
- Past perfect tense
- Past unknown tense
- Past habitual tense
Now, we shall see how verbs will conjugate according to the grammatical person used.
VOCABULARY
| खानु (khānu) | To eat |
| रोक्नु (roknu) | To stop |
| आउनु (āunu) | To come |
| बिर्सनु (birsanu) | To forget |
| म (ma) | I |
| हामी (hāmī) | We |
| तँ (ta~) | You[lr] |
| तिमी (timī) | You[mr] |
| तपाईँ (tapāī~) | You[hr] |
| ऊ (ū) | He/She |
| उनी (unī) | He[mr]/ She[mr] |
| उहाँ (uhā~) | He[hr]/ She[hr] |
| उनीहरू (unī-harū) | They[mr] |
EXTRACTING THE ROOT OF THE VERB
We first get the lemma, or the basic form of the verb. Usually, we remove the -नु (-nu) from the verb to obtain the root of the verb. For example:
Root ending in a vowel sound | खानु (khānu) > खा (khā) | to eat
Root ending in a consonant sound | रोक्नु (roknu) > रोक् (rok) | to stop
Sometimes, the process is a bit more complicated as we have to modify the root slightly. More information on this can be found on Verbs: Roots.
EXCEPTIONS
The verb हुनु (hunu) or ‘to be’ in Nepali is irregular and thus does not follow the conjugation rules given below. Thus, you should not try to attempt conjugating this verb. Another verb, जानु (jānu) or ‘to go’, also behaves slightly differently in future perfect tense. When such, the root ‘ग’ (ga) should be used instead.
Other verbs are regular in case of future tense and you can apply the rules below for all the other verbs. High honour forms may take different conjugations.
PAST INDEFINITE TENSE
The past indefinite tense, also known as simple past tense, is a tense used to describe actions in past time that happened at a specific time. In Nepali, it is called सामान्य भूत काल (sāmānya bhūt kāl). For example in English, a statement in past indefinite tense would be:
John ate the cake.Steps
- If the root ends in a single vowel sound, remove it. Example: आउ (āu) > आ (ā). If the root is polysyllabic (i.e. has more than one syllable) and ends in an –a or an –i sound, e.g. बिर्स (birsa), discard that sound as well. E.g. बिर्स (birsa) > बिर्स् (birs). If the root ends in a consonant or syllable sound other than -a or -i, skip this step.
- Add the required suffix (or ending) to the modified root obtained in step 1. depending on the grammatical person. Remember that combining a vowel to a consonant sound creates a syllable. Example: न् (n) + ए (e) = ने (ne)
I: म (ma), add एँ (e~)
रोक्नु (roknu) | रोक् (rok) + एँ (e~) = रोकेँ (roke~)
खानु (khānu) | खा (khā) + एँ (e~) = खाएँ (khāe~)
आउनु (āunu) | आ (ā) + एँ (e~) = आएँ (āe~)
बिर्सनु (birsanu) | बिर्स् (birs) + एँ (e~) = बिर्सेँ (birse~)We: हामी (hāmī), add यौँ (yau~)
रोक्नु (roknu) | रोक् (rok) + यौँ (yau~) = रोक्यौँ (rokyau~)
खानु (khānu) | खा (khā) + यौँ (yau~) = खायौँ (khāyau~)You[lr]: तँ (ta~), add इस् (is)
रोक्नु (roknu) | रोक् (rok) + इस् (is) = रोकिस् (rokis)
खानु (khānu) | खा (khā) + इस् (is) = खाइस् (khāis)You[mr]: तिमी (timī), add यौ (yau)
रोक्नु (roknu) | रोक् (rok) + यौ (yau) = रोक्यौ (rokyau)
खानु (khānu) | खा (khā) + यौ (yau) = खायौ (khāyau) He: ऊ (ū), add यो (yo)
रोक्नु (roknu) | रोक् (rok) + यो (yo) = रोक्यो (rokyo)
खानु (khānu) | खा (khā) + यो (yo) = खायो (khāyo)She: ऊ (ū), add ई (ī)
रोक्नु (roknu) | रोक् (rok) + ई (ī) = रोकी (rokī)
खानु (khānu) | खा (khā) + ई (ī) = खाई (khāī)He[mr]/She[mr]/They[mr]: उनी (unī) and उनीहरू (unī-harū), add ए (e) if masculine or इन् (in) if feminine
रोक्नु (roknu) | रोक् (rok) + ए (e) = रोके (roke)
खानु (khānu) | खा (khā) + ए (e) = खाए (khāe)रोक्नु (roknu) | रोक् (rok) + इन् (in) = रोकिन् (rokin)
खानु (khānu) | खा (khā) + इन् (in) = खाइन् (khāin)You[hr]/He[hr]/She[hr]/They[hr]: तपाईँ (tapāī~) and उहाँ (uhā~), leave the basic form intact and add भयो (bhayo) [EXCEPTION]
रोक्नु (roknu) | रोक्नु (roknu) + भयो (bhayo) = रोक्नुभयो (roknubhayo)
खानु (khānu) | खानु (khānu) + भयो (bhayo) = खानुभयो (khānubhayo)An example conjugation chart for रोक्नु (roknu) for the past indefinite:
| | 1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person | ||
| Singular | Plural | Singular/Plural | Singular/Plural | ||
| Gender | | | | zero | fem |
| Low/neutral Respect | रोकेँ (roke~) | रोक्यौँ (rokyau~) | रोकिस् (rokis) | रोक्यो (rokyo) | रोकी (rokī) |
| Medium Respect | – | – | रोक्यौ (rokyau) | रोके (roke) | रोकिन् (rokin) |
| High Respect | – | – | रोक्नुभयो (roknubhayo) | रोक्नुभयो (roknubhayo) | – |
Note | 3rd person low/neutral respect pronouns have no plural forms. Use medium respect for conjugations instead.
PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE
The past progressive tense, also known as past continuous tense, is a tense used to describe actions in past time that was happening as of then. In Nepali, it is called अपूर्ण भूत काल (apūrṇa bhūt kāl). For example in English, a statement in past progressive tense would be:
John was eating the cake.Steps
- If the root ends in a syllable or a vowel sound, add ँ (~) to the last syllable. If the root ends in a consonant sound, skip this step. For example: खा (khā) + ँ (~) = खाँ (khā~)
- Add दै (dai) to the end of the modified root obtained in step 1.
- Add a space ( ).
- Add the required ending to the modified root obtained in step 3 depending on the grammatical person. These suffixes are the various forms of thiyo, which you can find here. A shortcut: simply use the suffixes for past indefinite but add thi in front of it.
The below are demonstrations on how you can carry this out.
I: म (ma), add थिएँ (thie~)
रोक्नु (roknu) | रोक् (rok) + दै (dai) + [space] + थिएँ (thie~) = रोक्दै थिएँ (rokdai thie~)
खानु (khānu) | [खा (khā) + ँ (~)] + दै (dai) + [space] + थिएँ (thie~) = खाँ (khā~) + दै (dai) + [space] + थिएँ (thie~) = खाँदै थिएँ (khā~dai thie~)He: ऊ (ū), add थियो (thiyo)
रोक्नु (roknu) | रोक् (rok) + दै (dai) + [space] + थियो (thiyo) = रोक्दै थियो (rokdai thiyo)
खानु (khānu) | खाँ (khā~) + दै (dai) + [space] + थियो (thiyo) = खाँदै थियो (khā~dai thiyo)You[hr]/He[hr]/She[hr]/They[hr]: तपाईँ (tapāī~) and उहाँ (uhā~), add हुनुहुन्थ्यो (hunuhunthyo)
रोक्नु (roknu) | रोक् (rok) + दै (dai) + [space] + हुनुहुन्थ्यो (hunuhunthiyo) = रोक्दै हुनुहुन्थ्यो (rokdai hunuhunthiyo)
खानु (khānu) | खाँ (khā~) + दै (dai) + [space] + हुनुहुन्थ्यो (hunuhunthiyo) = खाँदै हुनुहुन्थ्यो (khā~dai hunuhunthiyo)An example conjugation chart for रोक्नु (roknu) for the past progressive:
| | 1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person | ||
| Singular | Plural | Singular/Plural | Singular/Plural | ||
| Gender | | | | zero | fem |
| Low/neutral Respect | रोक्दै थिएँ (rokdai thie~) | रोक्दै थियौँ (rokdai thiyau~) | रोक्दै थिइस् (rokdai thiis) | रोक्दै थियो (rokdai thiyo) | रोक्दै थिई (rokdai thiī) |
| Medium Respect | – | – | रोक्दै थियौ (rokdai thiyau) | रोक्दै थिए (rokdai thie) | रोक्दै थिइन् (rokdai thiin) |
| High Respect | – | – | रोक्दै हुनुहुन्थ्यो (rokdai hunuhunthyo) | रोक्दै हुनुहुन्थ्यो (rokdai hunuhunthyo) | – |
PAST PERFECT TENSE
The past perfect tense is a tense used to describe actions completed prior to some past point of time specified or implied. In Nepali, it is called पूर्ण भूत काल (pūrṇa bhūt kāl). For example in English, a statement in past perfect tense would be:
John had eaten the cake.Steps
- If the root ends in a single vowel sound, remove it. Example: आउ (āu) > आ (ā). If the root is polysyllabic (i.e. has more than one syllable) and ends in an –a or an –i sound, e.g. बिर्स (birsa), discard that sound as well. E.g. बिर्स (birsa) > बिर्स् (birs). If the root ends in a consonant or syllable sound other than -a or -i, skip this step.
- Add एको (eko)/ एकी (ekī)/ एका (ekā) to the end of the modified root obtained in step 1. The first for neuter/masculine (zero) singular, the second for feminine and the third for plural cases. Remember that the consonant will take on a diacritic while taking up the vowel sound.
- Add a space ( ).
- Add the required ending to the modified root obtained in step 3 depending on the grammatical person. These suffixes are the same ones in present indefinite tense. Note that these suffixes or endings are really just different forms of thiyo, which you can find here.
I: म (ma), add थिएँ (thie~)
रोक्नु (roknu) | रोक् (rok) + एको (eko) + [space] + थिएँ (thie~) = रोकेको थिएँ (rokeko thie~)
खानु (khānu) | खा (khā) + एको (eko) + [space] + थिएँ (thie~) = खाएको थिएँ (khāeko thie~)
आउनु (āunu) | आ (ā) + एको (eko) + [space] + थिएँ (thie~) = आएको थिएँ (āeko thie~)
बिर्सनु (birsanu) | बिर्स् (birs) + एको (eko) + [space] + थिएँ (thie~) = बिर्सेको थिएँ (birseko thie~)He: ऊ (ū), add थियो (thiyo)
रोक्नु (roknu) | रोक् (rok) + एको (eko) + [space] + थियो (thiyo) = रोकेको थियो (rokeko thiyo)
खानु (khānu) | खा (khā) + एको (eko) + [space] + थियो (thiyo) = खाएको थियो (khāeko thiyo) You[hr]/He[hr]/She[hr]/They[hr]: तपाईँ (tapāī~) and उहाँ (uhā~), leave the verb intact, add भ (bha), then add एको (eko) [or its forms], and finally add थियो (thiyo) [EXCEPTION]
रोक्नु (roknu) | रोक्नु (roknu) + भ (bha) + एको (eko) + [space] + थियो (thiyo) = रोक्नुभएको थियो (roknubhaeko thiyo)
खानु (khānu) | खानु (khānu) + भ (bha) + एको (eko) + [space] + थियो (thiyo) = खानुभएको थियो (khānubhaeko thiyo)An example conjugation chart for रोक्नु (roknu) for the past perfect:
| | 1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person | ||
| Singular | Plural | Singular/Plural | Singular/Plural | ||
| Gender | | | | zero | fem |
| Low/neutral Respect | रोकेको थिएँ (rokeko thie~) | रोकेका थियौँ (rokekā thiyau~) | रोकेको थिइस् (rokeko thiis) | रोकेको थियो (rokeko thiyo) | रोकेकी थिई (rokekī thiī) |
| Medium Respect | – | – | रोकेको थियौ (rokeko thiyau) | रोकेका थिए (rokekā thie) | रोकेकी थिइन् (rokekī thiin) |
| High Respect | – | – | रोक्नुभएको थियो (roknubhaeko thiyo) | रोक्नुभएको थियो (roknubhaeko thiyo) | – |
Note | You can also simply use –eko (the null form) for all cases. For example, you could say rokeko thiyau~ instead of rokekā thiyau~.
PAST UNKNOWN TENSE
The past unknown tense is a tense used to describe actions which occurred in the past but the event remains unknown prior to the speaker’s awareness. In Nepali, it is called अज्ञात भूत काल (ajñāt bhūt kāl) [pronounced agyāt]. For example in English, a statement in past unknown tense would be:
John ate the cake, it seems.The tense is rather unique in Nepali; it is often used to remark that the speaker was unaware of some action until they mention it. For example, if I left some milk outside and came back to it an hour later, only to find the container empty, I would say, “Oh! The milk was drunk by a cat, it seems.” Now, there may not be a truth value attached to whether a cat really did it or not, and the conjugation only merely transmits the idea that until that point, your modus operandi was “the milk is still there” and now, you remark that it has changed with this new information. You don’t necessarily have to know the reality at that exact moment either. For example, you may have heard that Mr. Koirala was elected prime minister a few days ago already, but when you remark “Mr. Koirala became the PM, it seems”, it doesn’t mean that you literally learnt it just now but rather, you let the listener know that you were assuming such an event wouldn’t have happened, or rather this is a new development for you too.
Steps
- If the root ends in a single vowel sound, remove it. Example: आउ (āu) > आ (ā). If the root is polysyllabic (i.e. has more than one syllable) and ends in an –a or an –i sound, e.g. बिर्स (birsa), discard that sound as well. E.g. बिर्स (birsa) > बिर्स् (birs). If the root ends in a consonant or syllable sound other than -a or -i, skip this step.
- Add the required ending to the modified root obtained in step 1 depending on the grammatical person. Remember to change the vowel sound as well, if necessary.
I: म (ma), add एछु (echu)
रोक्नु (roknu) | रोक् (rok) + एछु (echu) = रोकेछु (rokechu)
खानु (khānu) | खा (khā) + एछु (echu) = खाएछु (khāechu)
आउनु (āunu) | आ (ā) + एछु (echu) = आएछु (āechu)
बिर्सनु (birsanu) | बिर्स् (birs) + एछु (echu) = बिर्सेछु (birsechu)We: हामी (hāmī), add एछौँ (echau~)
रोक्नु (roknu) | रोक् (rok) + एछौँ (echau~) = रोकेछौँ (rokechau~)
खानु (khānu) | खा (khā) + एछौँ (echau~) = खाएछौँ (khāechau~)You[lr]: तँ (ta~), add एछस् (echas) if masculine or इछेस् (iches) if feminine
रोक्नु (roknu) | रोक् (rok) + एछस् (echas) = रोकेछस् (rokechas)
खानु (khānu) | खा (khā) + एछस् (echas) = खाएछस् (khāechas)रोक्नु (roknu) | रोक् (rok) + इछेस् (iches) = रोकिछेस् (rokiches)
खानु (khānu) | खा (khā) + इछेस् (iches) = खाइछेस् (khāiches)You[mr]: तिमी (timī), add एछौ (echau)
रोक्नु (roknu) | रोक् (rok) + एछौ (echau) = रोकेछौ (rokechau)
खानु (khānu) | खा (khā) + एछौ (echau) = खाएछौ (khāechau)He: ऊ (ū), add एछ (echa)
रोक्नु (roknu) | रोक् (rok) + एछ (echa) = रोकेछ (rokecha)
खानु (khānu) | खा (khā) + एछ (echa) = खाएछ (khāecha)She: ऊ (ū), add इछे (iche)
रोक्नु (roknu) | रोक् (rok) + इछे (iche) = रोकिछे (rokiche)
खानु (khānu) | खा (khā) + इछे (iche) = खाइछे (khāiche)He[mr]/She[mr]/They[mr]: उनी (unī) and उनीहरू (unī-harū), add एछन् (echan) if masculine or इछेन् (ichen) if feminine
रोक्नु (roknu) | रोक् (rok) + एछन् (echan) = रोकेछन् (rokechan)
खानु (khānu) | खा (khā) + एछन् (echan) = खाएछन् (khāechan)रोक्नु (roknu) | रोक् (rok) + इछेन् (ichen) = रोकिछेन् (rokichen)
खानु (khānu) | खा (khā) + इछेन् (ichen) = खाइछेन् (khāichen)You[hr]/He[hr]/She[hr]/They[hr]: तपाईँ (tapāī~) and उहाँ (uhā~), leave the basic form intact and add भएछ (bhaecha) [EXCEPTION]
रोक्नु (roknu) | रोक्नु (roknu) + भएछ (bhaecha) = रोक्नुभएछ (roknubhaecha)
खानु (khānu) | खानु (khānu) + भएछ (bhaecha) = खानुभएछ (khānubhaecha)An example conjugation chart for रोक्नु (roknu) for the past unknown:
| | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular/Plural | Singular/Plural | |||
| Gender | | | zero | fem | zero | fem |
| Low/neutral respect | रोकेछु (rokechu) | रोकेछौँ (rokechau~) | रोकेछस् (rokechas) | रोकिछेस् (rokiches) | रोकेछ (rokecha) | रोकिछे (rokiche) |
| Medium respect | – | – | रोकेछौ (rokechau) | – | रोकेछन् (rokechan) | रोकिछेन् (rokichen) |
| High respect | – | – | रोक्नुभएछ (roknubhaecha) | – | रोक्नुभएछ (roknubhaecha) | – |
PAST HABITUAL TENSE
The past habitual tense is a tense used to describe actions that used to occur or happen in the past repeatedly or as a habit, but may not now. In Nepali, it is called अभ्यस्त भूत काल (abhyasta bhūt kāl). For example in English, a statement in past unknown tense would be:
John used to eat the cake. - If the root ends in a syllable (consonant-vowel), add न् (n). For example, खा (khā) + न् (n) = खान् (khān). If the root ends in a single vowel sound, add ँ (~) to that vowel instead. For example: | आउ (āu) + ँ (~) = आउँ (āu~). If the root ends in a consonant sound, skip this step.
- Add the required suffix (or ending) to the modified root obtained in step 1 depending on the grammatical person.
I: म (ma), add थेँ (the~)
रोक्नु (roknu) | रोक् (rok) + थेँ (the~) = रोक्थेँ (rokthe~)
खानु (khānu) | [खा (khā) + न् (n)] + थेँ (the~) = खान्थेँ (khānthe~)
आउनु (āunu) | [आउ (āu) + ँ (~)] + थेँ (the~) = आउँथेँ (āu~the~)We: हामी (hāmī), add थ्यौँ (thyau~)
रोक्नु (roknu) | रोक् (rok) + थ्यौँ (thyau~) = रोक्थ्यौँ (rokthyau~)
खानु (khānu) | खान् (khān) + थ्यौँ (thyau~) = खान्थ्यौँ (khānthyau~)You[lr]: तँ (ta~), add थिस् (this)
रोक्नु (roknu) | रोक् (rok) + थिस् (this) = रोक्थिस् (rokthis)
खानु (khānu) | खान् (khān) + थिस् (this) = खान्थिस् (khānthis)You[mr]: तिमी (timī), add थ्यौ (thyau)
रोक्नु (roknu) | रोक् (rok) + थ्यौ (thyau) = रोक्थ्यौ (rokthyau)
खानु (khānu) | खान् (khān) + थ्यौ (thyau) = खान्थ्यौ (khānthyau) He: ऊ (ū), add थ्यो (thyo)
रोक्नु (roknu) | रोक् (rok) + थ्यो (thyo) = रोक्थ्यो (rokthyo)
खानु (khānu) | खान् (khān) + थ्यो (thyo) = खान्थ्यो (khānthyo)She: ऊ (ū), add थी (thī)
रोक्नु (roknu) | रोक् (rok) + थी (thī) = रोक्थी (rokthī)
खानु (khānu) | खान् (khān) + थी (thī) = खान्थी (khānthī)He[mr]/She[mr]/They[mr]: उनी (unī) and उनीहरू (unī-harū), add थे (the)
रोक्नु (roknu) | रोक् (rok) + थे (the) = रोक्थे (rokthe)
खानु (khānu) | खान् (khān) + थे (the) = खान्थे (khānthe)You[hr]/He[hr]/She[hr]/They[hr]: तपाईँ (tapāī~) and उहाँ (uhā~), leave the basic form intact and add हुन्थ्यो (hunthyo) [EXCEPTION]
रोक्नु (roknu) | रोक्नु (roknu) + हुन्थ्यो (hunthyo) = रोक्नुहुन्थ्यो (roknuhunthyo)
खानु (khānu) | खानु (khānu) + हुन्थ्यो (hunthyo) = खानुहुन्थ्यो (khānuhunthyo)An example conjugation chart for रोक्नु (roknu) for the past habitual:
| | 1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person | ||
| Singular | Plural | Singular/Plural | Singular/Plural | ||
| Gender | | | | zero | fem |
| Low/neutral Respect | रोक्थेँ (rokthe~) | रोक्थ्यौँ (rokthyau~) | रोक्थिस् (rokthis) | रोक्थ्यो (rokthyo) | रोक्थी (rokthī) |
| Medium Respect | – | – | रोक्थ्यौ (rokthyau) | रोक्थे (rokthe) | – |
| High Respect | – | – | रोक्नुहुन्थ्यो (roknuhunthyo) | रोक्नुहुन्थ्यो (roknuhunthyo) | – |
SUMMARY
- The past tense is used to denote or express actions that happened or occurred in the past.
- There are five aspects: indefinite, progressive, perfect, unknown and habitual.
- The root can be extracted by removing the –nu from the lemma.
- To this root, we add various suffixes according to the grammatical person.
- The high respect form are exceptions as in, they do not usually follow the standard method. Also, the verbs hunu (to be) and jānu (to go) conjugate differently, as in they use different roots for certain aspects.
- The past indefinite tense, also known as simple past tense, is a tense used to describe actions in past time that happened at a specific time.
- The past progressive tense, also known as past continuous tense, is a tense used to describe actions in past time that was happening as of then.
- The past perfect tense is a tense used to describe actions completed prior to some past point of time specified or implied.
- The past unknown tense is a tense used to describe actions which occurred in the past but the event remains unknown prior to the speaker’s awareness.
- The past habitual tense is a tense used to describe actions that used to occur or happen in the past repeatedly or as a habit, but may not now.
EXERCISES
A. COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING TABLE FOR THE VERB BIRSANU. TENSE: PAST HABITUAL.
| | 1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person | ||
| Singular | Plural | Singular/Plural | Singular/Plural | ||
| Gender | | | | zero | fem |
| Low/neutral Respect | birsanthe~ | ||||
| Medium Respect | – | – | birsanthyau | – | |
| High Respect | – | – | – | ||
B. CONJUGATE THE FOLLOWING VERBS CORRECTLY.
1. हराउनु (harāunu) | to lose sth. | past habitual | third person | singular | zero
2. साट्नु (sāṭnu) | to exchange | past unknown | second person | medium respect
3. खोज्नु (khojnu) | to search | past perfect | third person | high respect
4. दिनु (dinu) | to give | past indefinite | first person | singular
5. पाउनु (pāunu) | to receive | past progressive | second person | singular | low respect
ANSWERS
A.
| | 1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person | ||
| Singular | Plural | Singular/Plural | Singular/Plural | ||
| Gender | | | | zero | fem |
| Low/neutral Respect | birsanthe~ | birsanthyau~ | birsanthis | birsanthyo | birsanthī |
| Medium Respect | – | – | birsanthyau | birsanthe | – |
| High Respect | – | – | birsanuhunthyo | birsanuhunthyo | – |
B.1. हराउँथ्यो (harāu~thyo)
B.2. साटेछौ (sāṭechau)
B.3. खोज्नुभएको थियो (khojnubhaeko thiyo)
B.4. दिएँ (die~)
B.5. पाउँदै थिइस् (pāudai thiis)